High Performance Liquid Chromatography Experiment

High Performance Liquid Chromatography Experiment INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical Analysis may be defined as the application of analytical procedures used to determine the purity, safety and quality of drugs and chemicals. The term Pharmaceutical analysis is otherwise called quantitative pharmaceutical chemistry. Pharmaceutical analysis includes both qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical substances starts from bulk drugs to the finished dosage forms. In the modern practice of medicine, the analytical methods are used in the analysis of chemical constituents found in human body whose altered concentrations during disease states serve as diagnostic aids and also used to analyze the medical agents and their metabolites found in biological system. Qualitative inorganic analysis seeks to establish the presence of given element or inorganic compound in a sample. Qualitative organic analysis seeks to establish the presence of a given functional group or organic compound in a sample. Quantitative Quantitative analysis seeks to establish the amount of a given element or compound in a sample. The term quality as applied to a drug product has been defined as the sum of all factors, which contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness and reliability of the product. These properties are built into drug products through research and during process by procedures collectively referred to as Quality control. Quality control guarantees with in reasonable limits that a drug products Is free of impurities. Is physically and chemically stable Contains the amount of active ingredients as stated on the label and Provides optimal release of active ingredients when the product is administered. Most modern analytical chemistry is categorized by two different approaches such as analytical targets or analytical methods. INTRODUCTION FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY: High performance liquid chromatography is the process, which seperates mixture containing two or more components under high pressure. In this the stationary phase is packed in column one end of which is attached to a source of pressurized liquid mobile phase. High performance liquid chromatography is the fasted growing analytical technique for the analysis of drug. Its simplicity, high specificity and wide range of sensitivity makes its ideal for the analysis of many drugs in both dosage form and biologic fluids. HPLC is also known as High performance liquid chromatography. It is essential form column chromatography in which the stationary phase is consists of a small particles (3-5o µm) packing contained in a column with a small bore (2-5mm), one end of which is attached to source of pressurized liquid eluent(mobile phase). Different Types of Principles: According to the phases involved, HPLC can be classified into several types, which are as follows: Normal Phase Chromatography (NPC) Reverse Phase Chromatography (RPC) Liquid Solid Chromatography or adsorption HPLC Liquid Liquid Chromatography or Partition HPLC Ion exchange Chromatography or Ion exchange HPLC Size exclusion or gel permeation or steric exclusion HPLC 1. Normal Phase Chromatography (NPC): In normal phase chromatography, the stationary phase is more polar then the mobile phase, and the mobile phase is a mixture of organic solvents with out added water (e.g. isopropane with hexane) and the column packing is either an inorganic adsorbent (silica) are a polar bonded phase (cyanno, diol, amino) on a silica support. Sample retention in normal phase chromatography increases with the polarity of mobile phase decreases. They are eluted in the order of increasing polarities. 2. Reverse Phase Chromatography (RPC): In reverse-phase chromatography, the stationary phase is less polar than the mobile phase and the mobile phase is a mixture of organic and aqueous phase. Reverse-phase chromatography is typically more convenient and rugged than the other forms of liquid chromatography and is more likely to result in a satisfactory final separation. High performance RPC columns are efficient, stable and reproducible. In this, the solutes are eluted in the order of their decreasing polarities. These are prepared by treating the surface silanol group of site with an organic chloro silane reagent. INSTRUMENTATION: RECORDER SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF HPLC a. Pumps: Pumps are required to deliver a constant flow of mobile phase at pressures ranging from 1 550 bar pumps capable of pressure up to 6000 psi provide a wide range of flow rates of mobile phase, typically from 0.01-10ml min-1. Low flow rates (10-100à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­l min-1) are used with micro bore columns, intermediate flow rates (0.5-2ml min-1) are used with conventional analytical HPLC columns, and fast flow rates are used for preparative or semi preparative columns and for slurry packing techniques. Mechanical pumps of the reciprocating piston type view a pulsating supply of mobile phase. A damping device is there fore required to smooth out the pulses so that excessive noise at high levels of sensitivity or low pressure does not detract from detection of small quantities of sample. This type of pump is mostly used. Dual piston reciprocating pumps produce an almost pulse free flow because the two pistons are carefully faced so that as one is filling the other is pumping. These pumps are more expensive than single piston pumps but are of benefit when using a flow sensitive detector such as ultraviolet or refractive index detector. b. Injection Systems: Injection ports are of two basic types, (A) those in which the sample with injected directly into the column and (B) those in which the sample is deposited before the column inlet and then swept by a valving action into the column by the mobile phase. c. Columns: HPLC columns are made of high quality stainless steel, polish internally to a mirror finish. Standard analytical columns are 4-5 mm internal diameter and 10-30 cm in length. Shorted columns (3-6 cm) containing a smaller particles size packing material (3 or 5 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m) produce similar or better efficiencies, in terms of the number of theoretical plates (about 7000), that those of 20 cm columns containing 10 à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ­m irregular particles and are used an short analysis time and highest throughput of samples are required. Micro bore columns of 1-2 mm internal diameter and 10-25 cm in length have certain advantages of lower detection limits and lower consumption of solvent, the latter being important if expensive HPLC grade solvents are used. HPLC are also being carried out on the semi preparative scales by using columns of 7-10 mm or 20-40 mm internal diameter respectively. d. Detectors: The most widely used detectors for liquid chromatography are Detector Analytes Solvent Requirements Comments UV-Visible Any with chromophores UV-grade non UV absorbing solvents Has degree of selectivity and useful for many HPLC applications Fluorescence Fluorescent compounds UV-grade non UV absorbing solvents Highly selective and sensitive, often used to analyze derivitized compounds Refractive index Compounds with different RI than mobile phase Cannot run mobile phase gradients Limited sensitivity Conductivity Charged or polar compounds Mobile phase must be conducting Excellent for ion exchange compounds Electrochemical Readily oxidized or reduced compounds, specially biological samples Mobile phase must be conducting Very selective and sensitive Mass-Spectrometer Broad range compounds Must use volatile solvents or volatile buffers Highly sensitive. Many modes available. Needs trained person Theoretical principles of HPLC: a. Retention time: The time is required between the injection point and the peak maximum is called the retention time. It is denoted as the Rt. It is mainly useful for the qualitative analysis for the identification of compound. b. Capacity factor: It represents the molar ratio of the compound in the stationary phase and the mobile phase. It is independent of column length and mobile phase flow rate. It is denoted as the k. It should be kept 1-10. If k values are too low it is likely that the solutes may be adequately resolved and for high k values the analysis time is too long. It can be calculated by tr t0 k = - t0 tr = Retention time, t0 = Dead time. c. Tailing factor: Closer study of a chromatographic show that the Gaussian forms is usually not completely symmetrical. The graph spread out to a greater or lesser extent, forming a tail. It reduces the column plate number which intern influences the resolution. Tailing is mainly due to deteriorated column, overloading column, extra column-volumes, and incompatibility of sample with standard and/or mobile phase. Practically it can be calculated or determined at 10% of the total peak height. It must not be greater than 2.0 d. Resolution: The degree of separation of one component from another is described by the resolution. It is generally denoted by Rs. It is measured as the difference in retention time and the arithmetic mean of the two peak widths. tr2 tr1 Rs = 0.5(w1 + w2) tr2 = Retention time of first peak w1 = width of first peak tr1 = Retention time of second peak w2 = width of second peak e. Theoretical plates: It is important property of the column. It reflects its quality of separation and its ability to produce sharp, narrow peak and achieving good resolution of peak. N denotes it. 3500 X L (cm) Theoretical plates = - dp( µm) L = length of the column in cm, dp = diameter of the particle ( µm) It follows that if the exchange is fast and efficient, the theoretical plate will be small in size and there will be large number of plates in the column. f. Height equivalent to theoretical plate (HETP): Number of plates directly proportional to the column length (L) and inversely proportional to the diameter of the particles (dp). The value of H is a criterion for the quality of a column. Lower the HETP, higher is the efficiency of the column. Its value depends upon particle size, flow rate, viscosity of mobile phase. H = L/N L = Length of column, N = No. of theoretical plate HPLC method development: The wide variety of equipment, columns, eluent and operational parameters involved makes high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method development seem complex. The main objective of method development is to obtain a good separation with minimum time and effort. Based on the goal of separation, the method development is preceded. The steps involved are: Information on sample, define separation goals Need for special HPLC procedure, sample pretreatment, etc. Choose detector and detector settings Choose LC method, preliminary run; Estimate best separation conditions Optimize separation conditions Check for problems or requirement for special procedure Validation for release to routine laboratory The following must be considered when developing an HPLC method: Keep it simple Try the most common columns and stationary phases first Thoroughly investigate binary mobile phases before going on to ternary Think of the factors that are likely to be significant in achieving the desired resolution. Mobile phase composition, for example, is the most powerful way of optimizing selectivity whereas temperature has a minor effect and would only achieve small selectivity changes. pH will only significantly affect the retention of weak acids and bases. VALIDATION OF ANALYTICAL METHOD IN PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS: Validation is documented evidence, which is completed to ensure that an analytical method is accurate, reproducible and robust over the specific range. The quality of the analytical data is a key factor in the success of a drug development program. The process of method development and validation has a direct impact on the quality of these data. Method validation: Method validation is the process to confirm that analytical procedure employed for a specific test is suitable for its intended use. Method needs to be validated or revalidated Before their introduction into routine use Whenever the conditions changes for which the method has been validated , e.g., instrument with different characteristics Whenever the method is changed, and the change is outside the original scope of the method. Depending on the use of the assay, different parameters will have to be measured during the assay validation. ICH and several regulatory bodies and Pharmacopoeia have published information on the validation of analytical procedures METHOD VALIDATION PARAMETERS: SPECIFICITY. ACCURACY. PRECISION. LINEARITY. ROBUSTNESS. SOLUTION STABILITY. The goal of the validation process is to challenge the method and determine the limit of allowed variability for the conditions needed to run the method. The following statistical parameters are to be determined to validate the developed method. Correlation coefficient(r): When the changes in one variable are associated or followed by changes in the other, it is called correlation. The numerical measure of correlation is called the coefficient of correlation and is defined by the relation. à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" (x x) (y -y) r = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å"(x -x) 2 à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å"(y -y Regression equation: Regression equation= I + aC Y2 Y1 a = slope = X2 X1 I = Intercept = regression a C As a percentage of mean absorbance. 3. Standard Deviation: S = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å" (X- X!) 2/N 1 Where, X = observed values X! = Arithmetic mean = à ¯Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å"X/N N = Number of deviations For practical interpretation it is more convenient to express S in terms of percent of the approximate average of the range of analysis is used in the calculation of S. This is called co-efficient of variation (C.V) or percent relative standard deviation (%RSD). C.V OR %RSD = 100* S/ X! Criteria for Validation of the Method CHARACTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE RANGE Specificity No Interference Accuracy Recovery (98-102%) Precision RSD Linearity Correlation Coefficient(r)>0.99 Range 80-120% Stability >24h or >12h DRUG PROFILE RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE: Structure: Chemical name : N,N diethyl -5-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-1-ylmetyl)-1H Indole-3 Ethanamine monobenzoate Molecular Formula : C15H19N5.C6H5COOH Molecular weight : 391.47 Description: White crystalline powder Melting point: 178-1800C Solubility: Sparingly soluble in water and methanol Storage: Air tight container protect from light. Drug Category: Anti migraine drug THERAPEUTIC RATIONAL RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE: CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Mechanism of action: Rizatriptan binds with high affinity to human 5-HTIB and 5-HTID receptors leading to cranial blood vessel constriction. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption: Completely absorbed from GI tract, absolute bioavailability is 45% plasma peak concentration attained with in 1-1.5 hours (conventional tablet )or 1.6-2.5 hours (orally disintegrating tablet)after oral administration. Distribution: Crosses placenta and is distributed in to milk in animal, no studies in pregnant or nursing women. Metabolism: Metabolized principally via oxidative deamination by Mao-A to an inactive indole acetic acid metabolite Elimination: Excreted principally in urine(14% of dose as unchanged drug and 51 % a indole acetic acid metabolite Adverse effects: Dry mouth Dizziness Pain tightness/pressure in neck/throat/jaw. Nausea Chest pain Parasthesia Fatigue Dosage and administration: The dose range of Rizatriptan benzoate is 10-30mg orally once daily.Rizatriptan benzoate can be administer orally disintegrating tablet with out meals. LITERATURE REVIEW Sasmitha Kumar et al: has been developed UV spectroscopic method for estimation of Rizatriptan benzoate.The drug shows maximum absorption at 277 nm and 281 nm and obeys beer-lamberts law in the concentration of 0.5-20  µg/ml at 277 nm and 0.5-80  µg/ml at 281 nm respectively. The percentage recovery was found to be 97-100%. Madhukar et al; has been developed reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate. The proposed method utilized column L1 inertsil ODS-3v, 250 nmx4.6 mm having particle size, 5 µm. The mobile phases were comprised of A, B of Acetonitrile and buffer pH 6.5 at UV detection 225 nm.The method shows recovery 96.64-97.71 Sachin jagthap et al; has been developed stability indicating reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in bulk powder and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes c18 column having dimension 250mmx4.6 mm having particle size,5.0  µm using a mobile phase 0.01M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer: Methanol , at a flow rate 1ml/min at ambient temperature and detected at 225 nm.and the method was validated according to ICH guidelines Quizi zhang et al: has been developed, a high performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in human plasma.using asingle step liqid liqid extraction with metyl tertiary butyl ether, the analytes separated usig amobile phase consisting of 0.05%v/v triehylamine in water adjusting ph 2.75 with 85% phosphoric acid and acetonitrile.fluroscence detection was performed at an excitation wavelength of 225 nm and an emission wavelength of 360 nm.The linearity for rizatriptan was within the concentration range of 0.5-50ng/ml. Rajendra Kumar et al: has been developed and validated stability a stability indicating high performance liquid chromatographic method for Rizatriptan benzoate.The force degradation studies were performed on bulk sample of Rizatriptan benzoate. The method utilizes a zorbax SB-CN column with dimension of 250 mmx4.6 mm, 5um column. The mobile phase consists of a mixture of aqueous potassium dihydrogen ortho phosphate (ph3.4), acetonitrile and methanol. Rauza bagh et al: has been developed a spectroscopic method for analysis of Rizatriptan benzoate in bulk and tablet dosage form. The Rizatriptan benzoate shows maximum absorbance at 225 nm. Beers law was obeyed in the concentration range of 1-10 µg/ml. AIM AND PLAN OF WORK The present aim is to develop a new simple and rapid analytical method to estimate the Rizatriptan benzoate The plan of the proposed work includes the following steps: To undertake solubility studies for analytical studies of Rosuvastatin calcium Develop initial chromatographic conditions. Setting up of initial chromatographic conditions for the assay of Rosuvastatin calcium Optimization of initial chromatographic conditions. Validation of the developed HPLC Analytical method according to ICH method validation parameters. EXPERIMENTAL NEW RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RIZATRIPTAN BENZOATE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM A simple reverse phase HPLC methods was developed for the determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form. Zorbax Eclipse XBD C18 (250 cm ÃÆ'- 4.6 mm) column in isocratic mode with mobile phase Buffer ph 5.0: Methanol (80:20) was used and pH-3 adjusted with tri ethylamine. The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and UV detection at 225nm. The retention time 3.0 min. The proposed method was also validated. EXPERIMENTAL 1. Instrumentation: Shimadzu LC-10A HPLC Vacuum pump Gelmon science Elico SL-164 double beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer Ultra sonicator 3.5L 100(pci) 2. Chemicals: Water HPLC grade Methanol HPLC grade (Merck) Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate(AR Grade) Triethylamine (AR Grade) 5.1 OPTIMIZATION: 1. Selection of wavelength: After solubility study for the drug solvent was selected and appropriate concentration of Rizatriptan benzoate standards with solvent were prepared. The solution were then scanned by using doubl beam UV-Visible spectrophotometer the range between 200-400nm.The overlain spectra for the both drug were observed and maximum wavelength was finally selected. 2. Selection of mobile phase: To develop a prà ©cised and robust HPLC method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate , its standard solution were injected in the HPLC system. After literature survey and solubility data different composition of mobile phase of different flow rates were employed in order to determine the best condition for effective separation of drugs. 3. Selection of column: Initially different C8 and C18 columns were tried for selected composition of mobile phase and quality of peaks were observed for the drugs. Finally the column was fixed upon the satisfactory results of various system suitability parameters such as column efficiency, retention time, tailing factor / peak asymmetry of the peaks. Other parameters such as flow rate, column temperature etc. were selected by varying its value up to certain levels and results were observed. The value at satisfactory results were obtained has been selected for the method. The final selection of chromatographic conditions as follows Optimized chromatographic conditions Preparation of Buffer ph 5.0: Dissove 2.76 gm of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate in 1000ml of HPLC water plus 5.0 mlof Triethylamine. Mix and adjust PH 5.0 with orthophosporic acid. Filter with 0.45u nylon filter. Preparation of mobile phase: The mobile phase was prepared by mixing Buffer: Methanol (80:20). the solution was then filtered through 0.45ÃŽÂ ¼m membrane filter and sonicated. Preparation of standard stock solution: Standard solution of the pure drug was prepared by dissolving 73.0 mg of Rizatriptan benzoate in 100ml volumetric flask. The drugs were dissolved by using mobile phase as a diluent. Add about 50ml of diluent and sonicate to dissolve. Make up the volume with diluent. Mix well. Further dilute 5.0ml of the above solution to 250ml with diluent, mix well. Preparation of sample solution: Weight and transfer 10 intact tablet in into a100ml volumetric flask. Add about 50ml of diluent and sonicate for 15 min and make up the volume with diluent. Mix well, filter through 25 mm 0.45 u nylon , discard 4ml filtrate. Further dilute 5ml of the solution to 250 ml with diluent and mix well. CONCLUSION The evaluation of obtained values suggests that the proposed HPLC methods provide simple, precise, rapid and robust quantitative analytical method for determination of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form. The mobile phase is simple to prepare and economical. After validating proposed method as per ICH guidelines and correlating obtained values with the standard values, satisfactory results were obtained. Hence, the method can be easily and conveniently adopted for routine estimation of Rizatriptan benzoate in tablet dosage form.

Anti-Aging Cream Goes Young

|Anti-ageing cream goes young | |2 Jun 2008, 0155 hrs IST, Amit Sharma,  TNN | | | | | | |  Print   | | | | |  EMail   | | | | |  Discuss | | | | |  Share | | | | |  Save | | | | |  Comment | | | | |Text:[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NEW DELHI: When consumer products major Hindustan Unilever (HUL) recently relaunched its Pond’s anti-aging skin cream range, it was not | | | | |only   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |launching a ‘new-improved’ version of the product but also responding to a larger change in the core target consumers of anti-aging | | | | |products — from the middle-aged 35-40-years-old women to 20-something girls, yes, but even men too! | | | | | | | | | |Says Oriflame India national sales manager Shilpa Ajwani: â€Å"Today, we have customers in the 20-years-plus age group who start preventive | | | | |skin care through anti-aging creams and while women are still the larger consumer base, there is faster growth in demand for anti-aging | | | | |products by men too. This is unlike the scenario sometime back when classically 40-years-plus women were our target customers. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |The company launches about six anti-aging products a month, which now account for over a quarter of its sales in India. | | | | | | | | | |Cosmetics are conventionally bundled into three categories — skin lightning, moisturising and anti-aging. Market research firm ACNielsen | | | | |puts the anti-aging cosmetic market in India at over Rs 60 crore. Though just over 2% of the country’s Rs 3,000-crore skin care market, | | | | |the anti-aging segment is the fastest growing at 93% year-on-year. | | | | | | | | |Anti-aging cosmetics include products as diverse as anti-aging lipsticks and eye balms, facial creams, hair lotions and  foot  creams. | | | | |Consumers pay Rs 500-6,000 for such products from brands like Mary Kay, Revlon, Schwarzkopf, Procter & Gamble, HUL, et al. | | | | | | | | | |Schwarzkopf Professional country head Mu rali Sundar confirms anti-aging products’ age defying trend: â€Å"With time, usage of anti-aging | | | | |products has got little to do with a person’s age. Rising consumer awareness means that people in their late twenties have started buying | | | | |our anti-aging hair care products. While the bulk of our customers are still women, men are fast waking up to hair-care. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |While busy lifestyles and concomitant stress hasten skin aging, rising incomes and awareness are facilitating fast consumer adoption of | | | | |anti-aging products. But that’s not all, for there is also another important factor at play here. Consumers today opt to prevent and | | | | |correct rather than repair at a later stage. Marketers are quick to spot this trend and are responding appropriately. | | | | | | | | |Says HUL skin care category head Venkat Shridhar: â€Å"Today, sales of bulk of our anti-aging creams come from 28-30-years-old women. Personal| | | | |care spends have increased a lot in the past 3-4 years. Easy access to parlours, supermarkets and greater exposure to media have led | | | | |people to spend more on hygiene and  beauty. Hence, all our communication also highlights prevention as the way out to delay aging. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |Agrees Mary Kay India senior marketing manager Nirupama Rao: â€Å"Anti-aging products have ceased to be prescriptive in nature. Today, they | | | | |are used for preventive purposes. Consumers realise that they help in delaying the damage caused due to aging. †Ã‚   | | | | | | | | | |Though the current penetration of anti-aging products is low, marketers see huge potential in the category and are prioritising for its | | | | |growth. Says Devendra Shinde, marketing head, Kaya Skin Clinic, Marico’s 56-store strong skin-care division: â€Å"Our age control Botox and | | | | |Fillers treatments have grown up to four times in the last year. | | | | |Currently, age control packages account for 15% of our revenues and are expected to grow even more robustly.    | | | | | | | | | |â€Å"We are witnessing a 30% year-on-year growth in the anti-aging segment. The age of consumers of anti-aging cosmetics is coming down | | | | |rapidly and there is increased penetration of these products in India. This segment is expected to contribute substantially to our | | | | |growth,† says Revlon India marketing director Deepak Bhandari. The company markets it s anti-aging products under the Revlon Reveal brand, | | | | |priced Rs 350-750. | | | |

Four Mini Case Studies in Entrepreneurship - 4020 Words

Case Studies Engineering Subject Centre Case Studies: Four Mini Case Studies in Entrepreneurship February 2006 Authorship These case studies were commissioned by the Engineering Subject Centre and were written by:  · Liz Read, Development Manager for Enterprise and Entrepreneurship (Students) at Coventry University Edited by Engineering Subject Centre staff. Published by The Higher Education Academy  ­ Engineering Subject Centre ISBN 978 ­1 ­904804 ­43 ­7  © 2006 The Higher Education Academy  ­ Engineering Subject Centre Contents Foreword ...................................................................................................5 1 Bowzo: a Case Study in Engineering Entrepreneurship ...............6 2 Daniel†¦show more content†¦The Market To help explore the initial reactions of violin teaching professionals across the world, to what appeared to be a brilliant solution to a longstanding problem, both Larry and Jim felt that independent marketing expertise was needed at an early stage. Some staggering facts emerged, not least that more than half a million new violins are bought throughout the world each year. This probably means that almost another half a million second hand violins are bought too, leading to lots of lessons for many students keen to learn fast. The most likely route to market was identified as via the traditional wholesaler/distributor to retailer network. 6 Engineering Subject Centre Four Mini Case Studies in Entrepreneurship Initial research indicated that there was a market for a low cost, easy to use device and thus the design engineering and manufacturing priorities were set. University support mechanisms The market research was supplemented by further inputs from the University’s Design Institute which provided a specialist support programme for small to medium sized enterprises. This included a comprehensive range of services featuring marketing advice, product design and innovation processes as well as financial management and technology transfer. Jim was impressed. â€Å"The range of services available from the Design Institute is fantastic; we were able to put the engineering issues on the table and deal with them in a wider teamShow MoreRelatedAmusement And Leisure Industries And Indoor Playground Sector1483 Words   |  6 PagesAMUSEMENT AND LEISURE INDUSTRIES OR INDOOR PLAYGROUND SECTOR Amusement centres include indoor play centres, amusement machine centres, mini-golf centres, go-kart venues and similar operations. At the end of June 2001, there were 288 businesses operating amusement centres in 384 locations. Most operations (236) were carried out at in capital cities and suburbs. Of the 384 locations, more than a third (138) were amusement machine centres. The amusement centres employed 2,793 people, the majority (61%)Read MoreResearch Mini Golf4652 Words   |  19 Pagesintroduction The main subject of this hospitality research project is entrepreneurship. 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None of the above.    Read MoreOverview of the Blue Ocean Strategy3665 Words   |  15 PagesStrategy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.07 Blue Ocean Strategy A Dynamic Process†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦08 Blue Ocean Creations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦09 Blue Ocean Strategy Build Brands†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Blue Oceans: Past, Present and Future†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 Mini Case Study: Crocs Incorporation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Introduction Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) is a new concept in strategic management, introduced by Professor W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne in 2004. After doing detailed research, Kim and Mouborgne foundRead MoreBusiness Enterprise Management10394 Words   |  42 PagesManaging Entrepreneurship, Innovation amp; Creativity UGB 234 Module leader- William Ang ‘awa Tutor- Christopher Bushell Assignment title: Managing the New Enterprise Report/ Portfolio Sarah Cooper Student number- My Experiences Sarah Cooper visiting the National Glass Centre in Sunderland to view other’s creative and innovative work Sarah Cooper at the Stadium of light Learner Launch Event for Aimhigher Associates and mentees. An opportunity to get to know each other. SarahRead MoreCoca Cola Human Resources5512 Words   |  23 Pagesat the right time (Bergeron, 2004:133). As stated in the case study, Coca-Cola places considerable emphasis on talent management. The following discussion outlines the components of talent management (acquisition, cultivation, retention and organizing abilities) and highlights how Coca-Cola subscribes and aligns itself to the above definition of talent management. 2. Discussion: 1. How Coca-Cola acquires its staff: The case study states that Coca-Cola recruits staff members via referralsRead MoreSarasvathy, Causation and Effectuation-Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to14504 Words   |  59 Pagesand principles to create the firm. But usually all the entrepreneur knows when he or she starts out is something very general, such as the desire to make lots of money or to create a valuable legacy like a lasting institution, or, more common, All four questions listed here can be addressed through a general theory of effectual reasoning, the main elements of which are explicated in this article. However, given the cognitive and spatial limits of a single journal article, I focus on the first question

Christian Holy War And Jihad - 1471 Words

The first Crusades that took place in the 11th century that attempted to recapture the Holy Land of Jerusalem, called upon by Pope Urban II could be considered a Christian Holy similar to Muslim’s calling for Jihad. Jihad in Islamic practice is a Holy War fought by Muslims to guard and/or spread their belief as a civic duty. Through the effort to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims, the Pope was calling the Roman Catholics in Europe to militarily conquer the Holy Land and ultimately resulted in the Christians recapturing Jerusalem in 1099. The parallel seen between this Christian Holy War and Jihad is that both goals are to spread their respected religion. In An Account of Pope Urban’s Speech at Clermont, Pope Urban II broadcasts his call for the First Crusade in 1095 in France and in his speech Urban cites the need for Christian Empire to aid against Muslim empire. By doing this he is calling for Christian to rage a holy war against the Muslim to take back Jerusalem . The Chronicle of Solomon bar Simson, demonstrates the persecution that the Jewish community in the Rhineland in the early parts of 1096, the knights justification of killing the Jews were to support the focus on the goal of protecting Catholic interests in the Holy Land and that the Jews were always an enemy to the Christians. The Siege of Antioch discusses about Northern Syria whom is the largest and most formidable Muslim country on the way to Jerusalem was faced with hardship with god but through divineShow MoreRelatedMuslims Of The Third Crusade : Saint Or Saladin?1314 Words   |  6 Pageshabit of it, for blood never sleeps,† (Saladin). Saladin, leading the defense against the Christians, used this mindset while he triumphed in defending the Muslim’s territory. Yet, he also made sure that he and his men were thought of with great esteem, which is shown by when he exclaims that â€Å"I have become so great as I am because I have won men’s hearts by gentl eness and kindliness,† (Saladin). In a war that was preceded by the mess of the Second Crusade, it was necessary that each army wouldRead More The meaning and Concepts of Jihad Essay848 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holy of Holy Wars: Jihad In light of recent events in the global community, one word that is used frequently but rarely truly understood is the Islamic word Jihad. Jihad has become a very volatile word, so it is necessary that those who use it should understand exactly what it means, what it entails, and what significance it has in current global events. There are many interpretations of the word Jihad, but the most common literal translation from Arabic to English is struggle. ManyRead More The Changing Definition of Jihad Essay examples1994 Words   |  8 PagesJihad and the Crusades Every great historical moment, leader and religion is focused around a uniting influence. Saladin, a great Kurdish Muslim warrior during the time of the Crusades, and the Muslim armies employed the lesser, or violent jihad to fortify support and power in the Holy Lands. Throughout the eleventh and twelfth centuries the term â€Å"jihad† was used in several different contexts with varying meanings and intentions. Saladin used a favorable definition and interpretation of JihadRead More just war Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pages One of the oldest traditions in religious ethics is that of the just war. The quot;Just War Theoryquot; specifies under which conditions war is just. Opposition based on the Just War Theory differs from that of pacifists. Oppositionists oppose particular wars but not all war. Their opposition is based on principals of justice rather than principles of pacifism (Becker 926). In the monotheistic religious traditions of Christianity and Islam, one role of God (or Allah) is to limit or control aggressionsRead MoreThe Crusades And Its Effect On Modern Day Christianity Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesmany different religions. Religions such as, Islam and their use of Jihad or holy war which is used as an excuse to kill individuals they consider to be infidels . Hinduism and their caste system in which those of the lowest caste are considered untouchables, treated horribly, and ostracized by those of higher caste. Even Christianity is no stranger to the use of religion to further their own agenda. Christianity or Christians have done this many times throughout history . We saw it during theRead MoreReligion1264 Words   |  6 Pages Islam may be the most misunderstood religion in the United States. The impression that majority of non-Muslim Americans have is usually obtained through the media which typically represent Islamic countries or groups in the middle of a Holy War. These wars are usually waged by Islamic Fundamentalist who use terrorism and other violent acts to get their messages across giving Islam a negative reputation. Because of the lack of understanding of this highly visible religion, many conflicts ariseRead MoreChristian And Islamic Conceptions Of Holy War Essay2140 Words   |  9 PagesUrban II and his successors cast the expedition as a Holy War by drawing upon already established communal features. Pre-existing traditions that shaped the theological conceptions of Holy War emerged from diverse sources such as societal trends and the Emperor cults of the Roman Empire. Despite evidence depicting that established patterns influenced the evolution of Holy War, popular scholarship has displ ayed a striking tendency to portray jihad as endemic to Islam, while the crusades are often depictedRead MoreEssay on The Terrorists Attack on the World Trade Centre in New York1205 Words   |  5 Pages The terrorists attack on the World Trade Centre in New York on September 9, 2001 which changes the western concept about Islam and Muslims. Moreover, Islamic concept â€Å"Jihad† is criticized and it is questioned among Non-Muslims. 9/11 attack not only effects non-Muslims but also the Muslims who have no connections with the terrorist groups. As well as they do not support these terrorism. These Muslims face the hatred of the non-western people. They feel guilty about the Sin, they neitherRead MoreEssay about War in Christianity and Islam629 Words   |  3 PagesWar in Christianity and Islam Does such a combination of words as a war in the name of God make sense? The main principles, which underlie Christianity and Islam, are those of goodness, kindness, lack of aggression and respecting certain moral laws. Christianity and Islam provide human society with a code of ethics, which totally rejects war because it is something violent, inhumane and cruel. Still, over the course of human history many wars have been justified with religion and withRead MoreJesse Brassell. Mr Parrish. English Iii H. 3 March 2017.1549 Words   |  7 Pagesand rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it† - Pope Urban the II. The Pope ordered this mandate explicitly for the sake of Rescuing fellow Christians from invasion and persecution. The holy lands surrounding jerusalem and other provinces in northern Africa had been at a point Christian strongholds, they weren t converted peacefully